How does the nervous system work with the immune system

  • Aarli JA, Tönder O (1980) Immunological aspects of neurological diseases. In: Cohen Maynard M (ed) Monographs in neural sciences 6. S Karger, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Aarli JA, Aparicio SR, Lumsden CE, Tönder O (1975) Binding of normal human IgG to myelin sheaths, glia and neurons. Immunology 28:171–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Åström KE, Webster HF de, Arnason BG (1968) The initial lesion in experimental allergic neuritis: a phase and electron microscopic study. J Exp Med 128:469–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker CF, Billingham RE (1977) Immunologically privileged sites. Adv Immun 25:1–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett PF (1982) Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells in adult mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2722–2725

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartrop RW, Lazarus L, Luckhurst E, Kiloh LG (1977) Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement. Lancet I:834–836

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwood W (1976) Normal structure and general pathology of the nerve cell and neurogliamicroglia. In: Blackwood W, Corsellis JAN (eds) Greenfield's neuropathology, 3rd edn. Edward Arnold, London, pp 32–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleier R, Albrecht R (1980) Supraependymal macrophages of third ventricle of hamster: morphological, functional and histochemical characterization in situ and in culture. J Comp Neurol 192:489–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom WH, Carstairs KC, Crompton MR, McKissock W (1960) Autologous glioma transplantation. Lancet II:77–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourne HR, Lichtenstein LM, Melmon KL, Henney CS, Weinstein Y, Shearer GM (1974) Modulation of inflammation and immunity by cyclic AMP. Science 184:19–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury M (1981) Lymphatics and the central nervous system. Trends Neurosci 4:100–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulloch K, Moore RY (1980) Nucleus ambiguus projections to the thymus gland: possible pathways for regulation of the immune response and the neuroendocrine network. Abstr Am Assoc Anat, p 25A

  • Cammermeyer J (1970) The life history of the microglial cell: a light microscopic study. In: Ehrenpreis S, Solnitsky OZ (eds) Neurosciences research, 3. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross RJ, Markesbery WR, Brooks WH, Roszman TL (1980) Hypothalamic-immune interactions. I. The acute effect of anterior hypothalamic lesions on the immune response. Brain Res 196:79–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross RJ, Brooks WH, Roszman TL, Markesbery WR (1982) Hypothalamic-immune interactions. Effect of hypophysectomy on neuroimmunomodulation. J Neurol Sci 53:557–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebeling E (1914) Experimentelle Gehirntumoren bei Mäusen. Z Krebsforsch 14:151–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Esiri MM (1980a) Poliomyelitis: immunoglobulin-containing cells in the central nervous system in acute and convalescent phases of the human disease. Clin Exp Immunol 40:42–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Esiri MM (1980b) Multiple sclerosis: a quantitative and qualitative study of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the central nervous system. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 6:9–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontana A, Grieder A, Arrenbrecht ST, Grob P (1980) In vitro stimulation of glia cells by a lymphocyte-produced factor. J Neurol Sci 46:55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontana A, Dubs R, Merchant R, Balsiger S, Grob PJ (1981a) Glia cell stimulating factor (GSF): a new lymphokine. I. Cellular sources and partial purification of murine GSF, role of cytoskeleton and protein synthesis in its production. J Neuroimmunol 2:55–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontana A, Otz U, De Weck AL, Grob PJ (1981b) Glia cell stimulating factor (GSF): a new lymphokine. 2. Cellular source and partial purification of human GSF. J Neuroimmunol 2:73–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontana A, Jost R, Balsiger S, Grob P, Grieder A (1982) Involvement of cyclic AMP in the regulation of lymphokine induced glia cell stimulation. Dev Brain Res 2:505–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Frydén A (1977) B and T lymphocytes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in acute aseptic meningitis. Scand J Immunol 6:1283–1288

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujita S, Kitamura T (1976) Origin of brain macrophages and the nature of the microglia. In: Zimmerman HM (ed) Progress in neuropathology, vol 3. Grune & Stratton, New York, pp 1–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman SC, Schwartz JM, Milner RJ, Bloom FE, Feldman JD (1982) β-Endorphin enhances lymphocyte proliferative responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4226–4230

    Google Scholar 

  • Giron LT Jr, Crutcher KA, Davis JN (1980) Lymph nodes—a possible site for sympathetic neuronal regulation of immune responses. Ann Neurol 8:520–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein MM (1978) Antibody-forming cells of the rat spleen after injury to the midbrain. Bull Exp Biol Med 85:183–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Grace JT, Perese DM, Metzgar RS, Sasabe T, Holdridge B (1961) Tumor autograft responses in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 18:159–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene HSN (1951) The transplantation of tumors to the brains of heterologous species. Cancer Res 11:529–534

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene HSN (1953) The transplantation of human brain tumors to the brains of laboratory animals. Cancer Res 13:422–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene HSN (1957) Heterotransplantation of tumors. Ann NY Acad Sci 69:818–829

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood HCW, Oduloju KO, Dourmashkin RR (1976) Lymphocytic infiltration of the brain in sleeping sickness. Br Med J 2:1291–1292

    Google Scholar 

  • Groothuis DR, Vick NA (1982) Brain tumors and the blood-brain barrier. Trends Neurosci 5:232–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall NR, Lewis JK, Schimpff RD, Smith RT, Trescot AM, Gray HE, Wenzel SE, Abraham WC, Zornetzer SF (1978) Effects of diencephalic and brainstem lesions on haemopoietic stem cells. Neurosci Abstr 4:20

    Google Scholar 

  • Harriman DGF (1976) Bacterial infections of the central nervous system Virchow-Robin space. In: Blackwood W, Corsellis JAN (eds) Greenfield's neuropathology, 3rd edn. Edward Arnold, London, p 239

    Google Scholar 

  • Hicks JT, Albrecht P, Rapoport SI (1976) Entry of neutralizing antibody to measles into brain and cerebrospinal fluid of immunized monkeys after osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier. Exp Neurol 53:768–779

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochwald GM, Wallenstein M (1967) Exchange of albumin between blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain in the cat. Am J Physiol 212:1199–1204

    Google Scholar 

  • Houthoff HJ, Go GK (1979) Endogenous versus exogenous protein tracer passage in blood-brain barrier damage. In: Brain edema. Proceedings of the First International Ernst Reuter Symposium, Berlin. Raven Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Houthoff HJ, Go KG, Molenaar I (1981) The permeability of the blood-brain barrier in acute hypertension. Comparison of an endogenous and exogenous protein tracer. Acta Neuropathol [Suppl] (Berl) 7:13–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Imamoto K, Leblond CP (1977) Presence of labeled monocytes, macrophages and microglia in a stabwound of the brain following an injection of bone marrow cells labeled with 3H-uridine into rats. J Comp Neurol 174:255–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson HM, Smith EM, Torres BA, Blalock JE (1982) Regulation of the in vivo antibody response by neuroendocrine hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4171–4174

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RT (1982) Viral infections of the nervous system. Raven Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalden JR, Evans MM, Irvine WJ (1970) The effect of hypophysectomy on the immune response. Immunology 18:671–679

    Google Scholar 

  • Konigsmark B, Sidman RL (1963) Origin of brain macrophages in the mouse. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 22:643–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreth HW, Dunker R, Rodt H, Meyermann R (1982) Immunohistochemical identification of T-lymphocytes in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing penencephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2:177–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden CE (1972) The clinical pathology of multiple sclerosis. In: McAlpine D, Lumsden CE, Acheson ED (eds) Multiple sclerosis—a reappraisal, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh London, pp 311–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Medawar PB (1948) Immunity to homologous grafted skin. III. The fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye. Br J Exp Pathol 29:58–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Menkin V (1928) Emotional relative mononucleosis. Am J Physiol 85:489–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikhael MA (1981) Computerized tomography and brain tumors: a retrospective-prospective review. Semin Neurol 1:137–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley TP (1959) The recovery of tumour cells from venous blood draining cerebral gliomas. A preliminary report. Can J Surg 2:363–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Murabe Y, Sano Y (1981) Morphological studies on neuroglia. I. Electron microscopic identification of silver-impregnated glial cells. Cell Tissue Res 216:557–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Murabe Y, Ibata Y, Sano Y (1981a) Morphological studies on neuroglia. II. Response of glial cells to kainic acid-induced lesions. Cell Tissue Res 216:569–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Murabe Y, Ibata Y, Sano Y (1981b) Morphological studies on neuroglia. III. Macrophage response and “microglio-cytosis” in kainic acid-induced lesions. Cell Tissue Res 218:75–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Murabe Y, Ibata Y, Sano Y (1982) Morphological studies on neuroglia. IV. Proliferative response of non-neuronal elements in the hippocampus of the rat to kainic acid-induced lesions. Cell Tissue Res 222:223–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy JB, Sturm E (1923) Conditions determining the transplantability of tissues in the brain. J Exp Med 38:183–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Naess A (1982) Cerebrospinal fluid and blood lymphocyte subpopulations in acute aseptic meningitis. Scand J Infect Dis 14:5–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Naess A, Nyland H (1978) Multiple sclerosis. T-lymphocytes in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Eur Neurol 17:61–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyland H, Nilsen R (1982) Localization of Fcγ receptors in the human central nervous system. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [C] 90:217–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyland H, Mörk S, Matre R (1982) T cell subsets and lipid macrophages in multiple sclerosis lesions: in situ characterization using monoclonal antibodies. J Neuroimmunol [Suppl] 1:31

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehmichen M (1976) Characterization of mononuclear phagocytes in human CSF using membrane markers. Acta Cytol (Baltimore) 20:548–552

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehmichen M (1978) Mononuclear phagocytes in the central nervous system. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehmichen M, Grüninger H (1974) Cytokinetic studies on the origin of cells of the cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurol Sci 22:165–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehmichen M, Domasch J de, Wiethölter H (1982) Origin, proliferation, and fate of cerebrospinal fluid cells. A review on cerebrospinal fluid cell kinetics. J Neurol 227:145–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsson Y (1971) Studies on vascular permeability in peripheral nerves. IV. Distribution of intravenously injected protein tracers in the periphera nervous system of various species. Acta Neuropath (Berl) 17:114–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips JP, Eremin O, Anderson JR (1982) Lymphoreticular cells in human brain tumours and in normal brain. Br J Cancer 45:61–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Pochet R, Delespesse G, Gausset PW, Collet H (1979) Distribution of beta-adrenergic receptors on human lymphocyte subpopulations. Clin Exp Immunol 38:578–584

    Google Scholar 

  • Preskorn SH, Irwin GH, Simpson S, Friesen D, Rinne J, Jerkovich G (1981) Medical therapies for mood disorders alter the blood-brain barrier. Science 213:469–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Prineas JW (1975) Pathology of the early lesion in multiple sclerosis. Hum Pathol 6:531–554

    Google Scholar 

  • Prineas JW (1979) Multiple sclerosis: presence of lymphatic capillaries and lymphoid tissue in the brain and spinal cord. Science 203:1123–1125

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju S, Grogan JB (1977) Immunologic study of the brain as a privileged site. Transplant Proc 9:1187–1191

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport SI (1976) Blood-brain barrier in physiology and medicine. Raven Press, New York, pp 1–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridley A, Cavanagh JB (1969) The cellular reactions to heterologous, homologous and autologous skin implanted into brain. J Pathol 99:193–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley V (1981) Psychoneuroendocrine influences on immunocompetence and neoplasia. Science 212:1100–1109

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos TQ, Valdimarsson H (1982) T-dependent antigens are more immunogenic in the subarachnoid space than in other sites. J Neuroimmunol 2:215–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheinberg LC, Edleman FL, Levy WA (1964) Is the brain “an immunologically privileged site”? I. Studies based on intracerebral tumor homotransplantation and isotransplantation to sensitized hosts. Arch Neurol 11:248–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheinberg LC, Kotsilimbas DG, Karpe R, Mayer N (1966) Is the brain “an immunologically privileged site”? III. Studies based on homologous skin grafts to the brain and subcutaneous tissues. Arch Neurol 15:62–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiavi RC, Macris NT, Camerino MS, Stein M (1975) Effect of hypothalamic lesions on immediate hypersensitivity. Am J Physiol 228:596–601

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirai Y (1921) On the transplantation of the rat sarcoma in adult heterogeneous animals. Jpn Med World 1:14–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Siebert WJ (1928) Auto- and homoiotransplantation of thyroid gland into brain of guinea pigs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 26:236–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Sindic CJM, Cambiaso CL, Masson PL, Laterre EC (1980) The binding of myelin basic protein to the Fc region of aggregated IgG and to immune complexes. Clin Exp Immunol 41:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Spry CJF (1972) Inhibition of lymphocyte recirculation by stress and corticotropin. Cell Immunol 4:86–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein M, Keller S, Schleifer S (1981) The hypothalamus and the immune response. In: Weiner H, Hofer MA, Stunkard AJ (eds) Brain, behaviour, and bodily disease. Raven Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Tansley K (1946) The development of the rat eye in graft. J Exp Biol 22:221–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Ting JPY, Weiner LP, Frelinger JA (1981) The presence of immune-response-associated (Ia) antigens in brain. Neurology (NY) 31:145

    Google Scholar 

  • Traugott UTE, Raine CS (1982) Identification and dynamics of T cell subsets and B cells during the development of multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuroimmunol [Suppl 1] 2:17

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrey L, Nalbandov AV (1972) Influence of anterior hypothalamic lesions on circulating antibody titers in the rat. Am J Physiol 222:179–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Unanue ER (1981) The regulatory role of macrophages in antigenic stimulation. II. Symbiotic relationship between lymphocytes and macrophages. Adv Immunol 31:117–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Westergaard E, Brightman MW (1973) Transport of proteins across normal cerebral arterioles. J Comp Neurol 152:17–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Wikstrand CJ, Bigner DD (1980) Immunobiologic aspects of the brain and human gliomas. Am J Pathol 98:517–567

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolinsky JS, Jubelt B, Burke S, Narayan O (1982) Hematogenous origin of the inflammatory response in acute poliomyelitis. Ann Neurol 11:59–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoffey JM, Courtice FC (1970) Lymphatics, lymph and the lymphomyeloid complex. Academic Press, London, pp 309–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Does the immune system protect the nervous system?

    The central nervous system (CNS) is protected from pathogens both by a three-membrane barrier called the meninges and by immune cells within those membranes. The CNS is also walled off from the rest of the body by specialized blood vessels that are tightly sealed by the blood brain barrier.

    What systems does the immune system work with?

    Other actors that are part of the immune system include the skin (prevents germs from entering the body), mucous membranes (protect organs and cavities by trapping germs) and the lymphatic system (bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes).

    What kind of relationship is between the central nervous system and immune system?

    The central nervous system also exerts a modulating influence upon the immune response. This may take place both by secretion of hormones and by a nervous/neurotransmitter influence upon the immune system.

    Is the study of the relationship between the nervous and immune systems?

    Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interaction between the mind, the nervous system, and the immune system. Communication between these systems is complex. Bidirectional neurological pathways exist, however, and psychological phenomena such as stress and depression may impact the immune system.